
External merge sorting beyond available RAM
Plan sorted runs and buffered merges for a file larger than RAM, calculate merge passes and I/O volume, and distinguish a byte budget from object memory.
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Plan sorted runs and buffered merges for a file larger than RAM, calculate merge passes and I/O volume, and distinguish a byte budget from object memory.

Separate Python buffers, kernel-visible file data and successful fsync, then test abrupt process termination without confusing it with power-loss recovery.